Day 20: Paraguay y los guaraní: torbellino de tu encanto

         Marta Rodríguez dijo, “Guaraní: palabra temida y anhelada, hoy el torbellino de tu encanto, me arrastra, me envuelve, por fin llegué a la edad tan esperada, no tenía conciencia de tanta espera, por fin soy ‘una mayor’ que puede hablarlo y disfrutarlo. ¿Será porque estaba prohibido? ¿Cómo será mi vida ahora que rozo tu dulzura? Ya no está la niña que se escondía para escucharlo. ¿Se perderá el misterio, el encanto, la seducción...?” (qtd. Gandulfo). 

Paraguay es un país del que no hablamos mucho. Es uno de los dos países sudamericanos sin acceso directo al mar y, en segundo lugar, Bolivia. La capital de Paraguay es Asunción. Paraguay además tiene acceso a una de las maravillas del mundo que son las cataratas del Iguazú con Brasil y Argentina. El río Iguazú, que significa en guaraní “agua grande”, nace ahí entre los tres países y conduce hacía las cataratas (“Iguazú Argentina”). 

Hay un lugar llamado Chaco en Paraguay. En 1932 existió una guerra entre Bolivia y Paraguay cuyo objetivo era apoderarse de este lugar (“Mapas históricos de América Latina”). La causa de este conflicto fue que Bolivia acababa de perder su salida al mar en la guerra con Chile y quería el acceso al mar a través del río Paraguay. El río Paraguay “posee 2.600 kilómetros de longitud de los cuales 1.017 kilómetros recorren territorio paraguayo” (Servín). Había pasado poco tiempo desde que habían encontrado petróleo en el área del Chaco hace poco. Al final de la guerra en 1935, Paraguay mantenía la mayor parte del Chaco y Bolivia había obtenido acceso al río Paraguay (“Mapas históricos de América Latina”). “En efecto, el 97% de la población reside en el sector oriental del país” (Rañales Pérez). Es decir que no hay mucha gente que vive en la región del Chaco, en su mayoría viven al este del río. 

Los guaraní usualmente viven en Paraguay, pero también se encuentran en Brasil, Bolivia y Argentina. De acuerdo con su mitología, los guaraníes (y luego toda la humanidad) fueron creados por el dios Tupâ que creó el universo y Arasy, la madre de los cielos. Desde una mezcla de arcilla y otros recursos naturales crearon los primeros humanos, un hombre y una mujer, y les dejaron en el sol para secarse (“Mitos de creación”). No sabemos mucho sobre qué pasó antes de la llegada de los conquistadores españoles debido a que los guaraní eran pueblos ágrafos. Pasaron toda su historia y creencias de boca en boca. Se ha descubierto que los guaraní eran grupos seminómadas (Rojas Brítez). 

El idioma guaraní era completamente oral hasta la llegada de los españoles. Los españoles deseaban poder entender mejor el idioma y desde ahí crearon un sistema de escritura parecido al español. La principal diferencia entre la escritura guaraní y el español es que las vocales guaraníes tienen dos sonidos, uno que es similar al español y el otro que tiene más nasalidad. También la gramática guaraní es un poco más sencilla que el español porque de las ocho categorías léxicas en el español, solo hay siete en el guaraní. No usan los artículos cuando hablan, así que es más simple (“Clase de guaraní”). Tal vez reconocería unas palabras que vienen del guaraní: tucán, tiburón, jaguar, petunia, piraña y maraca (“Palabras de origen quechua y guaraní”). 

Mientras que mucha gente reconoce el nombre guaraní, el nombre autodesignado del idioma es avañe’ẽ que es compuesta de “ava” o persona y “ñe’ẽ” o lengua (“Avañe’ẽ”). De acuerdo con David Galeano Olivera, “Una de las consideraciones más resaltantes a la hora de hablar de la cultura guaraní es que pensamos que se trata exclusivamente de una ‘cultura oral’. Originalmente fue una cultura oral pero a partir de la colonización eso cambió y en la actualidad el avañe’ẽ—como cualquier otra lengua moderna—pasó a ser una lengua escrita. Hoy existe una profusa literatura en guaraní, bilingüe o acerca del guaraní, no solamente en los libros, sino también en el mundo virtual donde conviven decenas de artículos y libros alojados en distintos sitios” (“De la cultura oral a la escrita”).

 Entonces, ¿qué cambió? A partir de la llegada de los conquistadores en 1524, al área que la nombraron “provincia gigante de las indias”, empezó la conquista a indígenas por parte de los españoles (“Breve reseña histórica de Paraguay”). En 1537 fue fundada la ciudad de Asunción, llamada el Fuerte de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción. Algunos autores de esta época dicen, “El fenómeno de la llegada de los españoles... está marcado por profundos desencuentros culturales. Por una parte, estaba bien firme el etnocentrismo europeo con su cultura, lengua y religión; y por otra, las poblaciones indígenas... con sus respectivas lenguas, tradiciones y creencias. El choque de culturas fue traumático, especialmente para los Pueblos Indígenas” (Rojas Brítez). 

A partir de la ocupación del territorio por europeos empezaron la obra de convertir la población al cristianismo, tomar ventaja de los indígenas y forzarlos a hacer obra manual aún hasta esclavizarlos. Dice un artículo que “el colonialismo europeo, tanto portugués como español, explotó la mano de obra guaraní, causando muerte y destrucción cultural” (“Guaraníes. Cultura guaraní”). Es interesante ver que en la “Breve reseña histórica del Paraguay”, que tiene la marca oficial del gobierno de Paraguay, evita hablar de las injusticias que les enfrentaban los guaraní a la mano de los conquistadores. Simplemente dice, “en la fundación de fuertes y pueblos e iniciaron, en alianza con las comunidades indígenas, un proceso de conformación social marcado por la fuerza de los conquistadores y la acción evangelizadora de la Iglesia Católica”. Nunca menciona la obra forzada de los indígenas. 

La explotación del indígena no terminó en 1870 cuando se abolió la esclavitud en Paraguay, solamente cambió su cara (ABC.com). Entre 1954 hasta 1989 Alfredo Stroessner era el dictador de Paraguay e instaló la prohibición del hablar guaraní en lugares públicos o enseñarlo en la escuela (Huenchumil, Fernández Parga). Dice Acceso que, “era muy común también que los padres no quisieran que sus hijos hablaran guaraní en casa, aunque fuera su lengua materna (la de los padres). Sin embargo, los niños usaban la lengua entre ellos a escondidas, como un juego, sin saber que estaban ayudando a evitar que desapareciera” (Fernández Parga). 

Hoy en día, cuentan los pueblos indígenas basados en la familia lingüística a la que pertenecen. En la familia guaraní, hay seis grupos de pueblos guaraní en Paraguay (“Población originaria e indígena del Paraguay”). Muchas personas han notado la fuerza del idioma guaraní en la actualidad. La tecnología ha contribuido mucho a la fuerza de mantener el guaraní como idioma vivo y sin riesgo de extinción. Dice en el sitio Ciencias del Sur, “De las más de seis mil lenguas registradas por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO): unas 200 ya se extinguieron; casi la mitad de ellas se encuentran en peligro de extinción o en situación crítica o vulnerable, pero para nuestra tranquilidad y orgullo, el guaraní se encuentra hoy entre las lenguas vigorosas pese a provenir de un pasado negro... De esos miles de idiomas, solamente cerca de trescientas tienen su propia versión de Wikipedia y una de ellas es el guaraní; así como también de toda esa cifra, solamente unas ciento cuarenta tienen su propia versión del navegador Mozilla Firefox y una de ellas es la nuestra. Asimismo, numerosas universidades del mundo (París, Mainz, São Paulo, Buenos Aires) hoy promueven y difunden la enseñanza del guaraní como una lengua de mucho prestigio” (Galeano Olivera).

Anotamos que 90% de la población paraguaya habla el guaraní y esta lengua tiene estatus de idioma cooficial junto con el castellano en Paraguay. Desde el ingreso de los europeos, empezó el mestizaje de culturas e idiomas. Sabemos que la mezcla de español e inglés se llama espanglés o spanglish, y también hay una palabra para la mezcla del guaraní y español; se llama “jobara”. Aún con la fusión de los idiomas en su sociedad, hay muchos pasos más para tomar para incluir a la gente indígena. Los guaraní no son los únicos grupos indígenas enfrentándose con problemas de visibilidad y discriminación en su país. Hay 20 etnias autóctonas que viven en Paraguay y el 75% de los indígenas vive en situación de pobreza extrema (Carneri).

Para los paraguayos es un orgullo su herencia guaraní pero solamente hasta cierto punto. Todavía es algo vergonzoso ser “indio”. Ya que esta palabra se utiliza como un insulto, parecido al término “neandertal” o hablar de alguien incivilizado. Las etnias indígenas que no son guaraní reciben aún más de este racismo. De acuerdo con el estado cooficial del guaraní en 2019, los documentos oficiales del estado todavía no están en guaraní, aunque ambas lenguas son cooficiales en el país. Algunos decretos y formularios empiezan a estar escritos en los dos idiomas, pero de momento el proceso está siendo lento (Fernández Parga). Eso sí raramente puede ser el caso, si va al sitio web del gobierno de Paraguay, la mayoría está en español. Allí encontrará un enlace de traducir entre el español y el guaraní o viceversa, pero los documentos, cédulas, preguntas frecuentes y toda la demás información sólo se encuentra en español (Portal Paraguay). 

En este mismo artículo por Ruth Fernández Parga dice que, “muchos hablantes ven el guaraní como una lengua hablada y para contextos más informales” porque todavía falta que exista una carrera universitaria sobre el guaraní. Sin embargo, parece que esta información podría ser anticuada porque Daniel Galeano Olivera ha dicho que, “Según los datos del Ateneo de Lengua y Cultura Guaraní, actualmente existen 23 universidades—de 11 países y tres continentes—que imparten cursos, clases o tienen tesis y líneas de investigación sobre el guaraní” (“El guaraní o avañe’ẽ, una lengua vigente en 12 países”). Estos países incluyen—además de Argentina, Brasil, Bolivia, Uruguay y Paraguay—los Estados Unidos, Francia, Suiza, Alemania, España, Japón e Italia (Galeano Olivera). Esto nos demuestra que mientras que el guaraní está creciendo a pasos agigantados, el gobierno paraguayo aún falta crear un sistema más inclusivo. 

El punto de esta información es que los guaraní han sobrevivido por mucho tiempo con su cultura e idioma. Siguen luchando por los derechos que merecen. Hay estigmas por ser indígena y por no poder hablar el español (Carneri). Esta discriminación sigue y es parte de las prácticas de nuestra sociedad (Grosfoguel). Marta Rodríguez es maestra en la escuela rural de Corrientes, Argentina y ella cuenta que, “...los chicos que aún sabiendo el guaraní, niegan saberlo. Y a eso se me ha ocurrido llamarle: ‘las cicatrices de la represión al idioma guaraní’ Yo fui una maestra represora del guaraní. Tengo en el primer grado a los hijos de mis alumnos de 7mo, a los que yo les prohibía hablar en guaraní. Y hoy, no quieren hablar en mi grado, y me dicen ‘señora mi papá no quiere que hable guaraní, porque si no me voy a quedar así’. Y así significa para ellos, sin saber leer y escribir...” (qtd. Gandulfo). Así quedó una consecuencia de la dictadura de Stroessner aún hasta el presente. Los guaraníes sienten vergüenza de hablar su idioma por las críticas de la sociedad.

Los guaraní en Paraguay y también muchos grupos originarios de las Américas han sufrido así. Están escondidos los problemas de ellos por ser parte de la minoría. Con el caso del guaraní sabemos que no corre el riesgo de extinción, pero no es el caso de muchos otros idiomas y culturas autóctonas, como dijo David Galeano Olivera. Estas culturas también son importantes, e incluso las que no son conocidas por todo el mundo. 

“Guaraní: palabra temida y anhelada, hoy el torbellino de tu encanto, me arrastra, me envuelve, por fin llegué a la edad tan esperada, no tenía conciencia de tanta espera, por fin soy ‘una mayor’ que puede hablarlo y disfrutarlo. ¿Será porque estaba prohibido? ¿Cómo será mi vida ahora que rozo tu dulzura? Ya no está la niña que se escondía para escucharlo. ¿Se perderá el misterio, el encanto, la seducción...?” (Rodríguez qtd. Gandulfo).

Obras Citadas

Day 19: Who Cares About Puerto Rico?

     Erasure. It's not just the name of a "synthpop duo" from the 1980's with "new wave" style music (Wikipedia). Although that is exactly what comes up when you type the word into Google, it is also a word to describe how many indigenous nations in the American continents have disappeared in our written history. I am going to focus on the group of people referred throughout history as the Taíno.

I will start off by defining Taíno. When I started researching for this paper, I understood the term to refer to indigenous people living in Puerto Rico (known as Boriquén by the indigenous people, spelling may vary) at the time Columbus landed in the Americas (El Boricua). I have since learned that Taíno is a very broad name and was used to refer to not only those in Puerto Rico but also throughout the Antilles islands, including eastern Cuba, the Bahamas, then Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, and the Virgin Islands. Not only does this name refer to a people spread out over a large geographical area, the origins of the name itself are even more interesting. 

    The word Taíno doesn’t appear until Columbus’ second voyage when he landed in Guadeloupe and found a group of captive women and children that, “Once they met the Spaniards, they used the word tayno or tainon to mean that they were ‘good.’ It is clear that the term was used more as a qualifying adjective to refer to a concept of goodness… rather than as an ethnic label or ethnonym as it has been used by many scholars,” (Curet, 470). Therefore, the idea of the Taíno was created by these Spaniards to refer to those living in the Greater Antilles, especially those that were “noble, peaceful, and good.” It was the equivalent of calling them the “noble savages” as opposed to the war-like Caribes people that were considered the “true savages,” (Curet, 470). 

    Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World, around 900 BCE, the first people began migrating from Venezuela to the surrounding Caribbean islands (Figueroa). They established their communities and cultivated the land. The stories they shared were not written but passed by word of mouth. The written histories of the Taíno, written by Spanish Friars, begin the same time they lost their independence. 

    When Columbus came to the New World and met those living in the Bahamas, among whom the label Taíno was later applied, he wrote that, “They were very well built, with very handsome bodies and very good faces… They do not carry arms or know them… They should be good servants,” (Rojas).

Illustration of Taíno

    After the landing of Columbus and his crew, it didn’t take long for the erasure of this group to begin. “Spaniards removed men from villages to work in gold mines and colonial plantations. This kept the Taíno from planting the crops that had fed them for centuries. They began to starve; many thousands fell prey to smallpox, measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity; some committed suicide to avoid subjugation; hundreds fell fighting with the Spaniards, while untold numbers fled to remote regions beyond colonial control,” (Rojas). Ricardo Alegría Gallardo, a Puerto Rican anthropologist talks about the downfall of the Taínos. He said, “Very few Indians were left after
50 years. Their culture was interrupted by disease, marriage with Spanish and Africans, and so forth, but the main reason the Indians were exterminated as a group was sickness,” (Rojas). The idea of pure Taínos as an indigenous group likely disappeared completely in the sixteenth century, although evidence of them in the DNA of modern-day Puerto Ricans continues to thrive (Figueroa). In a study conducted by Juan Carlos Martínez Cruzado on mitochondrial DNA, published in 2002, he found that, “Of the 800 participants [in Puerto Rico], 489 (61.1%) had mtDNA of indigenous origin, 211 (26.4%) had mtDNA of African origin south of the Sahara, and exactly 100 (12.5%) had mtDNA of Caucasian origin,” (Martínez, 3). These statistics show that while the practices and customs of the Taínos may have disappeared in many forms, their descendants live on in Puerto Rico today. 

    In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue (Marzollo). He came to the islands in the Caribbean known as the Greater and Lesser Antilles. From then on, he claimed those islands for the Crown of Castile. In November of 1897, Spain allowed control over political administration to pass to the citizens of Puerto Rico but they had a governor appointed by Spain (Rivera). That following February, they put this new self-government into full effect. By autumn of 1898, Spain ceded control of Puerto Rico to the United States after the Spanish-American War (History.com). Puerto Rico was then recolonized by the United States. 

PR Flag Taken Down

    It was not until 1941 that the inhabitants of Puerto Rico were granted U.S. citizenship, and then in 1947 an act was passed that enabled Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor (Rivera). The following year, a law was enacted which made owning or flying the Puerto Rican flag illegal, including inside a home (Lopez). This law was not repealed until 1957 and today, you can see the Puerto Rican flag everywhere, from cars, to homes and garages. This law, known as the Gag Law, was implemented to suppress Puerto Rican independence movements that were growing. From 1936 to 1995, the FBI tracked and investigated those promoting such ideas as independence from the U.S (Navarro). 

    The year 2017 was quite the year for hurricanes with ten named hurricanes and seven named tropical storms (CNN). The most noteworthy for the sake of my research here was Hurricane Maria. Hurricane Maria left the island of Puerto Rico without power, without clean water, and without food. Because of the lack of power, there was no way to get news as to what was to be done in the wake of this disaster. Maria was a category 5 hurricane. The scale for defining hurricanes goes from 1-5 depending on the amount of potential property damage from the storm (CNN). This hurricane completely knocked out the already vulnerable electric infrastructure in Puerto Rico. The upkeep of one of the plants on the island–Palo Seco–had been neglected for over 50 years. After the hurricane, over 60,000 utility poles had to be replaced across the island. Infrastructure such as roads, water pumps, and bridges have also been heavily neglected in their preservation. José Sanchez was a member of the Army Corps of Engineers helping with the work on utility poles and at Palo Seco. He said that, “Puerto Rico is in dire need of not only power plants, but a reconstruction of the grid itself,” (“Blackout in Puerto Rico”).

    The Federal Emergency Management Agency otherwise known as FEMA is the taskforce in charge of responding to emergencies in the United States and their associated territories (FEMA). After Hurricane Harvey which hit Texas on August 25, 2017, and Hurricane Irma that hit Florida on September 10th that same year, emergency response supplies were in high demand but low supply (CNN). Some of the supplies normally stored in Puerto Rico for disaster response had even been sent to the Virgin Islands after Hurricane Irma (Young). After a month, FEMA was still trying to provide for the most basic needs–food and more importantly, potable water. When asked in the same PBS FRONTLINE film, the mayor of Luquillo, Jesús Márquez Rodríguez, said that if they had only seven generators, they would be able to provide clean drinking water for the people of Luquillo. But generators were another resource in short supply. After that first month, there was still a third of the island without clean, running water (Young). 

The house in Kentucky when we arrived 

    Laura Sullivan, the correspondent working on this film project, talked about the “roadside rubbish” piled up everywhere. As she said that, my mind flashed back to my own experience living in Kentucky not nine months ago almost to the day. During the first week of March, 2021, the Kentucky river flooded to the point where many people had to be evacuated (The Weather Channel). On March 13th, I went to help with the clean up efforts. I remember the first house we got to was three stories high, one of which was the cement garage sitting on the river bank. The water had reached the second floor and left muddy lines about a foot and a half above the floor. When we arrived to help, most of the water damaged articles had been thrown out on top of what used to be her garden. Now covered  with inches of river silt, we loaded these items into wheelbarrows to be piled along the side of the road, much like what was described by Laura Sullivan. It was truly heartbreaking to see as some things were no longer recognizable from the sustained water damage. Among the items being discarded was a high school yearbook. I took a moment to look at it and imagine having to throw away so many memories. As I stood staring at it, the homeowner saw what I held and told me that it belonged to her husband who had passed away a few months ago. 

    Laura Sullivan later comments on how the houses of many Puerto Ricans were simply shells of what they used to be–often only walls and floors remaining. Alice Thomas with Refugees International talked about the slow response in Puerto Rico especially compared to support given in other countries after similar natural disasters. Two months after the storm and many people still didn’t even have a roof over their heads. Those that did, had only temporary ones that leaked with the tropical rain storms. Thomas said, “The longer people and their homes are exposed to the elements, the more at risk they are, the more at risk their health is, and the more their home is lost,” (Young). 

    Many continue to live in their homes although in shambles. Jossie Lozada was interviewed in part of the film by PBS’ FRONTLINE and they discuss the aid FEMA has given to those in need in Puerto Rico. Jossie was able to get $33,300 from FEMA to rebuild her home, however 40% of those that applied for federal help were denied (Garcia). According to the ABA, “Under Puerto Rican law, one can be the legal owner of a property without having a formal title, presenting deeds, and so on. However, FEMA asked for such documentation to obtain assistance, leaving thousands unable to apply or receive help. The issue proves more complicated than most may think. In many ways, FEMA’s policies look to avoid unlawful claims by those who do not own property. On the other hand, they punish hard-working citizens who rightfully own their homes, but lack the documents to prove it,” (Garcia). One of Jossie’s friends had received only $6,000 from FEMA and was living in his car (Young). 

    According to FEMA’s documents about the incident and lack of supplies, they had only 12,000 tarps available with half a million homes in need of temporary roofing (Young). Operation Blue Roof is a program in place by the Army Corps of Engineers that collaborates with FEMA in disaster relief (HQ USACE). When comparing the relief efforts in Florida and Puerto Rico, the statistics are compelling. In 30 days after Hurricane Irma, 4,536 blue roofs had been installed. In that same amount of time in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria, only 439 blue roofs had been put in place. That is 9.7% the amount of tarps placed in Florida during the same amount of time (Young).

    As I listen to the accounts given in “Blackout in Puerto Rico,” about the loss of power for months on end, I look around myself and imagine what that would be like. In the middle of December, with temperatures already dropping below freezing, I look at the small space heater next to me and the portable DVD player I was using, the Christmas tree behind me illuminating the room. I think about going to bed at night in a heated room. Then I think about what it would be like to lose all of that, not just for a day as has happened here in years before, but for months with no end in sight. As I consider all of this, I feel greatly upset that so many people went through circumstances like these. It may not have been December and below freezing when the hurricane hit Puerto Rico, but it was still hurricane season for a few more months after Maria devastated the island. It took 11 months for power to be restored to everyone in Puerto Rico, although the connection is not always reliable and some experience frequent outages still (Campbell).

    As one of many ignorant citizens in the United States of America, I was taught in school of the 48 contiguous states as well as Alaska and Hawaii. It was not until much later I heard of U.S. territories in passing and thought, “how interesting.” I asked why they were not just made states as well and it was explained to me that 50 was just such a nice, round number, that they planned to leave it as is. Plus, I was told, they would have to change the U.S. flag and that was just a hassle. Content with this explanation, I thought about the novelty of territories and wondered how long they had been with the United States, since clearly I had never heard of such a thing before. Later I came to the understanding that these territories have been around for over a hundred years. Why then, are they never talked about? Why are they treated as foreign countries? Why are so many mainland citizens still uninformed?

    Puerto Rico is viewed as property to the United States. Sergio Marxuach talks about how our wallets are as much a part of us as Puerto Rico is part of the U.S. Our wallets are simply an object that we have ownership of (Young). Citizens of Puerto Rico are required to register for the Selective Service, otherwise known as the draft for military service in case of times of crisis, but they cannot vote for the president of the United States, although they are considered citizens of the U.S. and they do not have any congressional representation (Selective Service System, Murriel). There are many people in Puerto Rico lobbying Congress that believe that statehood would solve a lot of issues they face now and would rectify inconsistencies in U.S. policies, while others think independence could be the answer. 

    Some argue on behalf of Puerto Rico saying, “Why would I allow somebody who abused me for 123 years, to then consume me?” and, “If you depend on someone all of your life, you’re not going to grow. In order for you to grow you have to be free and not depend on someone,” (CBS News). Others, such as Pedro Pierluisi, the current governor of the territory, make their own points by saying, “How come we are citizens of the most democratic nation in the world, yet we do not vote for the president of that nation? How come we have no voting representation in Congress as American citizens? It’s like geographic discrimination. And it makes no sense. We’re not immigrants. See, what happens in Puerto Rico when our people do not have an adequate quality of life, is that they hop on a plane and move,” (CBS News). Pierluisi is encouraging support of what is known as the Statehood Admission Act which could make Puerto Rico a state (Congress.gov, “H.R.1522”).

    In Congress, Nydia Velazquez and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez proposed a new bill, H.R.2070 which would allow for Puerto Ricans to vote on the issue themselves and could then be ratified by Congress (Congress.gov, “H.R.2070”). This bill would provide funding for delegations to inform the citizens of Puerto Rico of their options regarding statehood, remaining as-is, or independent from the United States. This way, Puerto Ricans can truly understand what it is that they are voting for. 

    Though not many people can name the indigenous nations that inhabited the lands Columbus “discovered,” they are still a part of our world’s history and their stories deserve to be told. Though the land passed through multiple hands, its citizens are proud of their heritage. It is increasingly more difficult for the inhabitants to subsist in Puerto Rico as natural disasters and economic troubles continue to plague their land. 

    In conclusion, I believe that it is important for those who live in Puerto Rico or who have a heritage there, to be able to vote to determine the future of their land. Perhaps some day soon we will see Puerto Rico a true and fully recognized country of its own or the 51st United State.   

Bibliography: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16aHvD-dQtkEtWzTQGgp21PuHeJMWf0RyY4TnG_ZHDAI/edit?usp=sharing